Municipal Solid Waste Management Research Articles

The determinants of municipal solid waste management efficiency in EU countries

The main purpose of this paper is to assess the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) efficiency of European Union countries and to identify the determinants of this efficiency before and after introducing Directive (EU) 2018/851. The research was conducted for 23 EU Member States in order to analyse the two highest-priority waste treatment methods (material recycling and energy recovery) and the level of greenhouse gases emitted by the waste management sector. The data for 2015-2020 were extracted from the Eurostat database. The period of data was divided into two sub-periods: 2015-2017 (the period before introducing the Directive) and 2018-2020. MSWM efficiency scores were calculated using the DEA method. Later, the Tobit Regression Model (TRM) was applied to identify the determinants. The efficiency analysis showed that the countries which joined the EU before 2000 improved their MSWM efficiency in 2018-2020 compared with 2015-2017. On the other hand, the average efficiency scores of the countries that joined the EU after 2000 decreased. In 2015-2017, the following determinants of MSWM efficiency occurred to be statistically significant: population density, unemployment rate, the number of patents and the tourism intensity index, while in 2018-2020: population density, unemployment rate, Research & Development (R&D) expenditure, higher education proportion and MSW generated. A detailed analysis of these variables showed that the countries that joined the EU after 2000 should first increase their R&D expenditure and support their inhabitants in increasing their educational level.

Environmental Impact Assessment of a Dumping Site: A Case Study of Kakia Dumping Site

Open dumping threatens the environment and public health by causing soil, water, and air pollution and precipitating the deterioration of the environmental balance. Therefore, sustainable waste management practices and compliance with environmental regulations are important to minimize these negative impacts. In this context, it is very important to identify the environmental damage inflicted by open dumping areas and to take measures to prevent this damage. Makkah is among the cities that still use open dumping for solid waste disposal. The rapid increase in this city’s population is generating large quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW), making it difficult to manage waste economically without harming the environment or public health. During Umrah and Hajj, the rate of MSW generation increases to an even greater degree. The sustainable management of MSW in holy cities is of great importance. This study aimed to investigate the environmental impact of the Kakia Open Dumping Site in Makkah on air quality, soil, and nearby groundwater wells. It also conducted analyses of essential elements (Ca, Mg, and Na), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cr), and a metalloid (As) in leachate produced at the Kakia Open Dumpsite, enabling the development of management strategies. In addition, the correlations between the essential elements, the metalloid, and the heavy metals were also analyzed. The goal is not only to mitigate the negative effects of open dumping, but also to highlight the need to adopt sustainable management strategies for MSW in religiously significant cities like Makkah.

Advanced thermoconversion technology for municipal solid waste energetic valorization

This paper presents a novel approach to tackle the dual challenges of energy scarcity and municipal solid waste management by exploiting the potential of municipal solid waste gasification. The performance of the modified updraft gasifier is evaluated using computational modeling with Aspen Plus V14 software. The reliability of the gasification model is confirmed by comparing it with experimental data, highlighting its accuracy in estimating key gas composition parameters. A detailed analysis of the percentage error between the gas's experimentally measured lower heating value and the model-estimated value is performed. Results show a 12.2 % error for municipal solid waste gasification, meaning the experimental lower heating value is higher than the model's estimation. On the other hand, a 27,2 % error is observed for pellet gasification, implying a lower experimental lower heating value than the model's estimation. These findings provide useful information for future optimization and improvement of the gasification process, further advancing the field of waste-to-energy conversion and promoting sustainable energy generation.

Fostering community participation in sustainable municipal solid waste management at multiple scales in Tehran, Iran

This article delves into the intricacies of waste management in Tehran, offering insights into the structured framework governing the control of solid waste materials. As collected, the average daily generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the region is 0.645 kg per inhabitant. Unexpectedly, the impact of socio-economic factors on processes such as garbage sorting, creating products from recyclable waste, and composting was shown to be comparatively weaker than that of supporting elements. The initial approach entails providing environmental cadres and the community with more comprehensive MSW reduction training, which will cultivate a nuanced comprehension of waste management. The second strategy focuses on amplifying information dissemination through mass media and targeted campaigns, emphasizing effective MSW practices. The objective of the third endeavor is to augment the quantity of environmental cadres, which will be comprised of community and local leaders, in order to inspire and direct endeavors to reduce MSW. The fourth and final strategy underscores the expansion and diversification of waste storages, positioning them as customer-centric institutions dedicated to environmental campaigns and training. Ultimately, the collaborative implementation of these strategies is poised to instigate a positive shift towards heightened community participation in MSW reduction practices.

Tracking Bioaerosol Exposure among Municipal Solid Waste Workers Using Hematological and Inflammatory Biomarkers

High levels of bioaerosols may exist in the air of municipal solid waste (MSW) management facilities, constituting a significant occupational hazard for workers. In this study, we investigated the potential association between exposure to bioaerosols and inflammatory biomarkers among municipal solid waste workers (MSWWs) at both the landfill site and the municipal solid waste transfer station (MSWTS), in comparison to a control group without exposure. Air sampling was conducted at six points around the landfill, two points at the MSWTS, and one point in a public park (as a control area) during the spring and summer of 2019. The results of our study revealed that airborne pathogens were highly prevalent at the sampling points, especially in the active zone and leachate collection pond. Aspergillus species were the predominant fungal species detected in this study, with the highest occurrence observed for Aspergillus flavus (83.3%), Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus fumigatus (75.0%). Furthermore, Staphylococcus species accounted for over 75% of the total bacterial bioaerosols detected across all study areas. The blood test results of workers revealed a significant increase in platelets (PLT), immunoglobulin G (IgG), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, basophils, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) compared to the control group. Conversely, platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet-large cell ratio (P-LCR) in the exposed subjects exhibited a decreasing trend compared to the control group. These findings suggest a potential association between exposure to bioaerosols, particularly in the vicinity of open dumpsites, and elevated levels of hematologic and inflammatory markers in circulation. Furthermore, the influence of smoking status and confounding factors appears to be significant in both the control and exposure groups.

Community participation in municipal solid waste management: Special reference to Gampaha municipality

Effective management of municipal solid waste is a pressing issue for numerous developing countries, including Sri Lanka. Despite efforts to implement eco-friendly waste disposal methods, many nations struggle with open landfills and unregulated dumping, causing detrimental effects on both public health and the environment. This study delves into the impact of community participation on solid waste management, with Sri Lanka serving as a case study. Urbanization and shifting consumption patterns exacerbate the challenges surrounding solid waste management. In Sri Lanka's urban areas, the absence of adequate waste management mechanisms emphasizes the necessity for active community involvement. Identifying the types and sources of solid waste is crucial for devising efficient waste management strategies. Concepts like the 3R approach (reduce, reuse, recycle) and composting play pivotal roles in sustainable waste management. Employing logistic regression analysis, the study assesses how community participation influences solid waste management. Results indicate that community involvement positively affects waste reduction, recycling, and composting efforts. However, while a considerable portion of the community actively engages in waste reduction, participation in waste reuse and recycling is limited. This highlights the significance of promoting the 3R concept and enhancing community involvement in waste management endeavors. Overall, the study underscores the instrumental role of community participation in achieving sustainable municipal solid waste management. Recommendations include prioritizing the 3R approach, investing in composting initiatives, and fostering greater community engagement in waste management practices. By adopting these strategies, municipalities can effectively address solid waste challenges while promoting environmental sustainability and public health.

Exergy Analysis of Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management

In recent years, there have been increasing concerns over the detrimental effects of irreversible linear patterns of material and energy consumption, which have led to an enormous generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). Concepts like waste-to-energy (WtE) and recycling have gained increasing recognition and support as responses to these challenges. This study assessed the exergetic potential of four WtE technologies (landfill gas-to-energy, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and plasma gasification) in the context of the MSW characteristics of Maiduguri, Borno State. The population of Maiduguri, waste generation rate, waste composition, and the ultimate and proximate analysis of the MSW were used for the assessment. Exergetic potential in the form of electrical energy generation and three exergy-based indicators (exergy efficiency, exergy defect, and improvement potential) were evaluated for each WtE option. The results reveal that anaerobic digestion and plasma gasification are viable options based on the exergetic potential and the measured exergy performance indicators. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and waste management authorities, facilitating informed decisions to address environmental concerns and promote resource-efficient urban development in Maiduguri and similar regions.

Inclusion of Pseudomonas fluorescens into soil-like fraction from municipal solid waste management park to enhance plastic biodegradation.

Single-use facial masks which are predominantly made out of polypropylene is being used and littered in large quantities during post COVID-19 situation. Extensive researches on bioremediation of plastic pollution on soil led to the identification of numerous plastic degrading microorganisms. These organisms assimilate plastic polymers as their carbon source for synthesizing energy. Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF) is one among such microorganism which is being identified to biodegrade plastic polymers in controlled environment. The natural biodegradation of facial mask in soil-like fraction collected from municipal waste management site, bioaugmentation of the degradation process with Pseudomonas fluorescens, biostimulation of the soil with carbonless nutritional supplements and combined bioaugmentation with biostimulation process were studied in the present work. The study has been conducted both in controlled and in natural condition for a period of 12months. The efficiency of the degradation was verified through FTIR analyses using carbonyl index, bond energy change, Loss in ignition (LOI) measurement along with CHNS analyses of residual substances. The analysis of results reported that carbonyl index (in terms of transmittance) was reduced to 46% of the control batch through the inclusion of PF in natural condition. The bioaugmented batch maintained in natural condition showed 33% reduction of LOI with respect to the control batch. The unburnt carbon content of the residual matter obtained from the furnace were analysed using CHNS analyser and indicated the lowest carbon content in the same bioaugmented batch. In this study, an attempt is made to verify the feasibility of enhancing biodegradation of single-use facial mask by bioaugmentation of soil-like fraction available in solid waste management park with Pseudomonas fluorescens under natural condition. CHNS and FTIR analysis assures the biodegradation of plastic waste in the soil-like fraction using Pseudomonas fluorescens under both controlled and natural environmental condition.

Problems and Possible Solutions to Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malawi Urban Areas – An Overview

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management poses significant challenges in urban areas of Malawi, with rapid population growth, poor sanitary conditions, and inadequate waste disposal infrastructure exacerbating the situation. This overview synthesizes existing literature to examine the complexities of MSW management in key Malawian cities, including Mzuzu, Blantyre, Zomba, and Lilongwe. Drawing from diverse sources such as peer-reviewed papers, governmental reports, and policy documents, the study investigates the root causes of MSW problems and explores potential remedies. Key issues identified include poor waste disposal habits, lack of waste classification, insufficient waste removal services, and community perceptions towards waste disposal. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the legal frameworks and environmental regulations governing MSW management in Malawi, highlighting the roles of various stakeholders and policy instruments. To address these challenges, the paper proposes a multi-faceted approach involving enforcement of legal laws, civic education and awareness campaigns, community engagement, involvement of private operators, conversion of waste to energy, promotion of recycling activities, composting, and provision of public bins/trash containers. By implementing these strategies, Malawi can move towards sustainable MSW management, mitigate environmental risks, and improve public health outcomes in urban areas.

Unlocking the potential of municipal solid waste: Emergy accounting applied in a novel biorefinery

The rampant municipal solid waste (MSW) generation caused mainly by people's lifestyle has required technological solutions to deal with this global issue. This paper assess an innovative and integrated biorefinery (2IB) to manage MSW. The 2IB is rooted in the circular economy concept, and it differs from any other currently existing technological route in managing MSW due to its integrated processes that receives both inorganic and organic fractions at the same time, besides unveiling an innovative aspect related to thermoplastic production. Due to its scientific-based advantages, the emergy accounting (withy ‘m’) is considered as method to quantify the 2IB environmental performance, comparing the results with alternatives MSW management facilities. Results show that 2IB has similar performance for the three traditional emergy indicators (m-EYR of 1.17, m-ELR of 5.73 and m-ESI of 0.20) compared to incineration and landfilling, indicating low yield, moderate load on the environment, and unsustainable. On the other hand, the emergy return indicator (ERI of 20.33) indicates higher performance for the 2IB, in which for each solar emjoule (sej) – the measure unit of emergy – invested it generates a return of about 20 sej that becomes available as benefits for societal development. From an emergy perspective, results support that 2IB should be considered as a powerful technological alternative to manage MSW. This study contributes from a theoretical perspective with discussions on the emergy accounting procedures applied on systems located at far right side of energy hierarchy, while contributing from a practical perspective by providing technical information about the 2IB that supports decision makers towards more sustainable MSW management systems.

Waste-to-Energy Generation: Complex World Project Analysis

Sustainable development and the circular economy mandate efficacious management of waste. The annually increasing volumes of municipal solid waste pose a formidable global challenge. Waste-to-energy conversion, utilizing thermochemical or biochemical technologies, presents a viable solution for mitigating waste disposal concerns. This study conducts a thorough analysis of extant projects to evaluate the economic viability and environmental benefits across various technologies. Employing a self-compiled, unique database, our examination spans enterprises operational from 1980 to 2022, including 37 of the most representative facilities across Europe, North America, and East and Southeast Asia. Economic efficiency is gauged through the levelized cost of electricity generated by these installations, while environmental impacts are assessed based on the statistics on prevented greenhouse gas emissions. The methodology encompasses correlation and techno–economic analyses and expert evaluation. Contrary to conventional wisdom, our findings challenge the ubiquity of scale effects among technologies and the presumed decline in electricity generation costs with newer technologies. However, they corroborate the enhanced environmental benefits of recent technological advancements. The insights derived from this research are poised to inform strategic municipal solid waste management planning in Russia and beyond, offering a foundation for the design of new facilities. The scientific novelty of this work lies in its holistic approach to analyzing the ecological and economic efficiencies of all extant technologies.

Designing a sustainable municipal solid waste management system over multiple periods using extended exergy accounting method – a case study of Shanghai

Waste-to-energy technologies can significantly alter urban metabolism and sustainability. This article proposes a multicriteria analysis framework based on the extended exergy accounting method to assess and plan a sustainable municipal solid waste management system from urban metabolism perspective. This framework includes three components. Firstly, an accounting model that integrates material, energy, social, economic, and environmental criteria was developed to identify the contribution of municipal solid waste management system to urban sustainability and to decide whether it is sustainable. Then, a multiperiod municipal solid waste management system planning model was developed to provide the optimal strategy for waste-to-energy facilities deployment and municipal solid waste allocation for different periods. Finally, multidimensional indicators were proposed for a sustainability comparative analysis in overdeployment, pressure on urban ecosystem and urban resource conversion efficiency. The proposed method was applied to the case study of household solid waste management in Shanghai and two scenarios were considered. Our comparison showed that the hybrid scenario (in which various waste recycling technologies were applied together) theoretically performs significantly more sustainable than the incineration scenario in terms of material investment, emissions, economic performance, resource depletion, and recovery. Sensitivity analysis of three parameters—the maximum deployment number of each unit waste-to-energy facility ([Formula: see text]), the minimum utilization rate ([Formula: see text]), and the capacity budget ([Formula: see text])—were carried out. The proposed hybrid method was found to be sensitive to [Formula: see text], but less sensitive to [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Lessons learnt can be used to plan similar waste-to-energy strategies in other countries.

Opportunities and Barriers to Composting in a Municipal Context: A Case Study in São José dos Campos, Brazil

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a global challenge of a complex nature. The organic fraction of rapidly degrading MSW, which can be recycled via composting provided it is segregated at the source, is an incipient or non-existent practice in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the barriers and opportunities for composting MSW based on the perception of local stakeholders through a qualitative and quantitative exploratory case study in the municipality of São José dos Campos (SP). The study identified and interviewed local stakeholders engaged in composting in the territory, surveying the local market for organic agricultural inputs. Education, infrastructure, and social influence were the main factors that led to the decision to start composting. For home composting, the efficiency of generated waste diversion is from 42% to 59%, and management difficulties at the beginning of the practice are recurrent. Engaging people is the main challenge of community initiatives and 32% ended their composting activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Vermicomposting can be an opportunity to value organic waste in the local market. The insights gleaned from the perceptions of local stakeholders provide valuable input for more effective planning within a municipal composting scheme.

DIMENSÕES ESTATÍSTICAS DA ECONOMIA CIRCULAR

Purpose: The aim of the research is to study the various aspects of the circular economy in Bulgaria and the countries of the European Union.   Method: The article evaluates the circular economy by applying different statistical analysis approaches: multivariate statistical methods, convergence analysis and cross-correlation analysis.   Results and conclusion: First, as a result of the conducted dynamic classification of EU countries, it was found that the transition to a circular economy is most advanced in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Italy and Luxembourg. Second, according to each of the indicators included in the analysis, the absence of a process of general convergence and the presence of club convergence between the EU-27 countries during the period 2012-2019 was established. Convergence among countries in four of the clubs formed is relative, while in the others there is a process of transitional divergence and phase reversal. Third, based on the cross-correlation analysis, we find no relationship between generated and recycled packaging waste in Bulgaria from 2005 to 2019. Between these indicators in the European Union for the same period, there is reason to argue that there is a relationship that occurs within the current year. Fourth, the values of the indicators of waste utilization and rendering waste harmless clearly show that in Bulgaria the waste from economic activities is mainly landfilled, and this is associated with additional costs and leads to environmental pollution. Fifth, the taxonomic analysis shows the existence of minimal differences between the Bulgarian districts in terms of municipal solid waste management.

Model of lnformation Support for a Regional Operator for the Management of Municipal Solid Waste

The purpose of the research is to compile a modern model of information support for a regional operator for the management of municipal solid waste and analyze the requirements for this system.Methods are based on various publications of reports by environmental operators, the public law company "Russian Еcological Operator" (РРK RЕO), on legislative documentation, research and software solutions (SТЕC Housing and Рublic Utilities, Sirena Housing and Рublic Utilities, Еlectronic Тrading Рlatform RЕO) in terms of automation of waste removal.Results. А modern information model for data exchange in the network of a regional operator for the management of solid waste has been built, which meets the needs of the industry. Based on the legislation, the study included recom- mendations for the work and functioning of departments. Ready-made solutions for automating the work of a regional operator for the removal of municipal solid waste are presented. Аn algorithm has been developed for the functioning of the system to send data on the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) arriving at the landfill in accordance with the new requirements for automatic monitoring of waste accepted at the landfill.Conclusion. Тhe implementation of a modern level of information support for a regional operator for the management of municipal solid waste is relevant, not only from an environmental point of view, the formation of an integrated effective approach to waste management, but also from information security. Organizing the work of a regional operator for the management of municipal solid waste is a process that requires modern information support. Тo carry out the process of building competent logistics, infocommunication kits and data transmission systems are used to track vehicles trans- porting waste. Software is used to monitor the level of vehicle load, the total amount of waste removed, fuel consump- tion, analyze the load and condition of landfills with solid municipal waste, waste separation and recycling processes.

Overview of waste bank application in Indonesian regencies.

Managing municipal solid waste (MSW) is a critical for Indonesia, as the country produces a substantial amount of waste annually. However, Indonesia's recycling rate remains limited, less than 25% of its waste, with the rest ending up in landfills. To address this, waste banks have emerged as a community-based solution to enhance MSW management through recycling. Although waste banks currently contribute only 7% to recyclable waste management, they hold promising potential, especially considering their close ties to households, the primary waste producers in Indonesia. Unfortunately, documentation of waste bank successes in Indonesian regencies is scarce, as most success stories are limited to major cities. This article conducts a literature review on waste bank implementations across various regencies, evaluating their accomplishments, obstacles and potential contributions to local MSW management. The review draws upon scholarly publications and various government reports, regulations and websites dedicated to updates on waste bank activities. Waste banks play a crucial role in enhancing environmental quality by promoting proper waste disposal and reducing landfill waste. They create economic opportunities, increasing income for both customers and administrators. Additional services, such as banking facilities encompassing savings, loans, daily necessities and bill payments, amplify their significance. To fully harness the potential of waste banks, support is imperative. Establishing adequate infrastructure and providing capacity-building for administrators are essential. Although regulatory frameworks offer opportunities, the impact of regency-level regulations on waste bank growth varies and necessitates further examination. Support mechanisms should be tailored to align with local characteristics and requirements.

Sustainable waste management and waste-to-energy in the context of a circular economy through various waste management technologies.

Inappropriate waste management is a considerable ecological risk, leading to detrimental effects on the soil, air, and water quality. It is imperative to address these concerns promptly to minimize the repercussions of solid waste on public health and the ecosystem. It is evident that the level of economic growth directly impacts waste generation. This study intends to use the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique to evaluate the environmental impacts of four alternative municipal solid waste (MSW) management scenarios in Peshawar City, Pakistan. The goal is to discover an option that is both sustainable and minimizes environmental damage. The study examined the system boundaries encompassing the collection and transportation of MSW, along with its processing and final disposal, employing composting, anaerobic digestion (AD), material recovery facilities (MRF), and landfill methods. Comprehensive field studies and an in-depth literature review provided the data regarding Peshawar's existing MSW management system and the proposed scenarios, all of which was inventoried in the OpenLCA 1.10.3 database. Following data collection, the CML-IA technique was employed to analyze the data, measuring the environmental footprint in terms of climate change potential, human toxicity, acidification potential, photochemical oxidation, and eutrophication. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to identify the influence of varying recycling rates on the environmental strain correlated with the proposed scenarios. The analysis results indicated that scenario S2, which combined composting, landfilling, and MRF, exhibited the least environmental impact compared to the other considered scenarios. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis reflected an inverse correlation between alterations in the recycling rate and the total environmental impact. To counter the environmental problems arising from waste generation, it is essential to incorporate principles of the circular economy into the MSW management approach.

Closed‐loop economics in waste management: financing procedures and results

To analyze the procedure and main results of financial support for the implementation of a closed‐cycle economy in the subjects of the Russian Federation.Statistical data and strategic planning documents. The method of analysing the legal and regulatory framework and statistical reporting, as well as the structure of the federal budget, were used. The study is also based on the application of methods of comparison and contrast, grouping, historical and factor analysis.The key role of the state in the creation and effective functioning of the integrated system of solid municipal waste management (MSWM) is determined by the ability to concentrate the necessary financial resources and guarantee uniform standards and requirements for system participants to achieve the stated goals of the closed cycle economy (CCE). Uniform standards and requirements for system participants must be guaranteed to achieve the stated objectives of the closed cycle economy (CCE). This is confirmed by the results of the financing of the TCO management system for 2019–2023, when the federal budget financed activities to the amount of 42.3 billion rubles. For the purposes of the federal EZC project, 8.6 billion rubles were allocated. It is important to ensure off‐budget financing of these activities and modernization of domestic enterprises, for which the use of secondary raw materials is available and economically feasible. The priority of measures to implement CCE in the Russian Federation is financial support for the creation and development of infrastructure for waste collection and recycling.The processes on improvement of the regulatory and legal framework and personnel training are related to the need to implement a "top‐down" approach, which determines the centralisation of decision‐making and the efficiency of attracting extrabudgetary funds dominating in the financial support of the functioning of the TCO management system and implementation of CCE.

A review on the evaluation models and impact factors of greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste management processes.

The total amount of global municipal solid waste (MSW) will reach 3.5 billion tons by 2050, thereby bringing tremendous environmental pressure, especially global warming. Large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have been released during MSW management (MSWM). Accounting for GHG emissions is a prerequisite for providing recommendations on appropriate treatment options to mitigate emissions from MSWM systems. There are many methods involved in estimating emissions. This paper summarizes the computing models commonly used in each process of the integrated MSWM system and emphasizes the influence of parameters and other factors. Compared with other disposal methods, landfilling has the highest emissions, commonly estimated using first-order decay (FOD) methods. Emission reduction can be realized through waste to energy (WtE) and resource recovery measures. IPCC is commonly used for calculating direct emissions, while LCA-based models can calculate emissions including upstream and downstream processes, whose results depend on assumptions and system boundaries. The estimation results of models vary greatly and are difficult to compare with each other. Besides, large gaps exist between the default emission factors (EFs) provided by models and those F measured in specific facilities. These findings provide a systematic view for a bettering understanding of MSW emissions as well as the estimating methods and also reveal the key points that need be developed in the future.

Assessment of municipal solid waste management systems of Sri Lanka and Japan in terms of knowledge sharing: a comparative study

Assessment of municipal solid waste management systems of Sri Lanka and Japan in terms of knowledge sharing: a comparative study